8月3日（水）
午前はケズウィックの　Pencil Museumをみる。
午後カーライルへ向かう。
カーライルはスコットランドとイングランドの国境の町。
重厚な城壁。





8月4日（木）
ハドリアヌスの城壁の保存状態のよい
ハウステッドへむかう。城壁前から
バスが出ている。
9:20　　カーライル発
10:59　ハウステッズ着

雨が降っていて閉口するが、
バスを降りて城壁方面に歩いて
いくと小雨になる。



丘を登っていく。道の途中にひつじがいる。



夏でもかなり涼しい。自然もいっぱいで
雨対策をしておけば、本当に爽快に散策できる。





城壁前に小さな博物館。



解説
「Britain was knowen to Greek and Roman traders
from the 4the century BC but was not invades
by the Roman army until the two campains led
by Julius Caesar in 55 and 54 BC.
 After gaining the formal submission
of the British tribes Caesar had to withdraw
to deal with a feared rebellion in Gaul
and it was left to the Emperor Claudius
to reap the benefits of conquest in AD 43
and to appoint a governor to rule the new province.

Over the next forty years a sucession
of emperors and governors strenghened
 their control over southern Britain.
Under the Emperor Vespasian the governors
Cerialis and Agricola extended
this control to northern England and Southern Scotland.
By AD 84 Agricola had led the army
into northern Scotland and had fought the great battle
of Mons Graupius near Inverness before withdrawing
to the Forth -Clyde line. The area was provided
with a network of forts and roads
but these had to be abandonded as troops were evacuaded
to reinforce the army on the Danube.
By AD 105 Britain north of the Tyne-Solway line was again
in the hands of hostile tribesmen.



解説
「The Roman name for Housesteads was
VER COVICIUM or BORCOVICIUM meaning ``hilly place``.
The fort was built between AD125 and 128
to the usual playing card shape and covers 5 acres.
 The fort was built ober the doundation already built
forh the broad wall ando also over Turret 36B
which had to be demolished.

The fort was constantlu in a state of change,
with structures being built, demolished,
repaired and updated to meet new needs,
but the site does not appear to have experienced
the destruiction suffered by othe forts during the period.
When Hadrian`s Wall was temporarily abandoned in favour of
the Antonine Wall in Ad 138 Housesteads
was manned by a legionary holding force.
The greatest period of rebuilding was in the 4th century
when the Headquarters barrack blocks divides into `chalets`.
Sections og the rampart backing were removed
to make way for extra buildings and the Knag Burn gateway
built to divert traffic from the centre of the fort.



ローマの兵士



ハウステッズの概観。







遺跡の中を歩く。
周りも丘陵地帯となっていて絶景。